Saturday, March 18, 2017

New article brings into question how T cell memory should be defined.

New article brings into question how T cell memory should be defined.

We conducted this research to answer a fundamental question in immunology- Where do antigen inexperienced CD4+ T cells reside? 

Currently, it is widely accepted that central and effector memory CD4+ T cells originate from naïve T cells after they have encountered their cognate antigen in the setting of appropriate co-stimulation. However, if this were true the diversity of T cell receptor (TCR) sequences within the naïve T cell compartment should be far greater than that of the memory T cell compartment, which is not supported by TCR sequencing data. In fact the vast majority of T cells with a "memory" phenotype do not appear to have undergone a strong clonal expansion event.

 In our study we demonstrate that aged mice with far fewer naïve T cells, respond to the model antigen, hen eggwhite lysozyme (HEL), by utilizing the same TCR sequence as their younger counterparts. CD4+ T cell repertoire analysis of highly purified T cell populations from HEL-naive animals revealed that the HEL-specific clones, within these mice, displayed effector and central “memory” cell surface phenotypes even though they had never encountered the HEL antigen. Although cross reactivity to some other foreign antigen exposure could have explained these results, the effector and central “memory” HEL-specific T cells that were detected resided at an extremely low frequencies, identical to their frequency within the naive T cell compartment. Thus, any prior cross recognition event was not strong enough to have induced an expansion of the HEL-specific T cells, at least not one that could be detected above the background level that was seen in the naive T cell compartment. In our experiments the HEL-inexperienced CD4+ T cells were found to reside within the naïve, regulatory, central memory, and effector memory T cell populations at similar frequencies.  The vast majority of the other CD4+ T cells within the regulatory and memory populations were also unexpanded.

 These findings support a new paradigm for CD4+ T cell maturation in which a specific clone can undergo a differentiation process to exhibit a “memory” or regulatory phenotype without having undergone a clonal expansion event. They also demonstrate that a foreign-specific T cell is just as likely to reside within the regulatory T cell compartment as it would the naïve compartment, arguing against the specificity of the regulatory T cell compartment being skewed towards self-reactive T cell clones. Finally, we demonstrate that the same set of foreign T cell clones are repetitively generated throughout adulthood.

19 comments:

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  6. My name is Brittney Brian,i am from Arizona, Its a pleasure for me to write this testimony about how i got my Genital Herpes cured 2 months ago. i have been reading so many comments of some people who were cured from various diseases by Dr. Festus, I was hurt and depressed so I was too curious and wanted to try Dr. Festus cuz have been burdened by this virus for many , then i contacted him through his email when i contact him, he assured me 100% that he will heal me, i pleaded with him to help me out which he did, he healed me just as he promised, he sent me his medication and ask me to go for check up after 5 weeks of taking the medication. i agreed with him i took this medication and went for check up, to my greatest surprise my result was negative after the treatment, i am really happy that i am cured and healthy again. I have waited for 5 weeks after I first tested negative just to be very sure i was completely healed before writing this testimony I just got back from the hospital today from getting my blood test result and am still negative, so i guess its time i recommend anyone going through Herpes HSV-1 or HSV-2, HIV, HPV, Hepatitis A&B, Diabetes, Cancer reach him through Email drfestusherbalsolutioncentre@gmail.com OR add on whatsapp +2348073742265.

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  7. My name is Brittney Brian,i am from Arizona, Its a pleasure for me to write this testimony about how i got my Genital Herpes cured 2 months ago. i have been reading so many comments of some people who were cured from various diseases by Dr. Festus, I was hurt and depressed so I was too curious and wanted to try Dr. Festus cuz have been burdened by this virus for many , then i contacted him through his email when i contact him, he assured me 100% that he will heal me, i pleaded with him to help me out which he did, he healed me just as he promised, he sent me his medication and ask me to go for check up after 5 weeks of taking the medication. i agreed with him i took this medication and went for check up, to my greatest surprise my result was negative after the treatment, i am really happy that i am cured and healthy again. I have waited for 5 weeks after I first tested negative just to be very sure i was completely healed before writing this testimony I just got back from the hospital today from getting my blood test result and am still negative, so i guess its time i recommend anyone going through Herpes HSV-1 or HSV-2, HIV, HPV, Hepatitis A&B, Diabetes, Cancer reach him through Email drfestusherbalsolutioncentre@gmail.com OR add on whatsapp +2348073742265.

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  8. HOW DR AZIBA HELPED ME ENLARGE MY PENIS SIZE FROM 3.5 INCHES TO 11INCHES LONG AND 8.0 GROWTH WhatsAPP DR [ +2348100368288 ]
    I got married 2 years ago and it just seemed that there was no excitement in my sex life. My dysfunction to perform to the best of my abilities in bed made it harder for my wife and me to have a good time during sex. And i was having the feelings that she may decide to get a divorce one day. I knew something had to be done in order to improve my sex life and to save my marriage because my marriage was already falling apart, so when i was on my Facebook page i came across a story of how Dr Aziba helped him enlarged his penis to 8ins better.so i Immediately copied the Email address of the Dr and explained to him my problem, he gave me some simply instruction which i must follow and i did easily and my friends Today, i am the happiest man on Earth, All Thanks to Dr Aziba for saving my marriage and making me a real man today. I asked him about some popular diseases like HERPES,HIV AIDS,HEPATITES,DIABETIS, CANCERS, WART, HPV etc.. which are affecting most people he said there is no disease without a cure, he has it all...You can as well reach the Dr below for help on your problem, for he has the solution to all...
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  9. HOW DR AZIBA HELPED ME ENLARGE MY PENIS SIZE FROM 3.5 INCHES TO 11INCHES LONG AND 8.0 GROWTH WhatsAPP DR [ +2348100368288 ]
    I got married 2 years ago and it just seemed that there was no excitement in my sex life. My dysfunction to perform to the best of my abilities in bed made it harder for my wife and me to have a good time during sex. And i was having the feelings that she may decide to get a divorce one day. I knew something had to be done in order to improve my sex life and to save my marriage because my marriage was already falling apart, so when i was on my Facebook page i came across a story of how Dr Aziba helped him enlarged his penis to 8ins better.so i Immediately copied the Email address of the Dr and explained to him my problem, he gave me some simply instruction which i must follow and i did easily and my friends Today, i am the happiest man on Earth, All Thanks to Dr Aziba for saving my marriage and making me a real man today. I asked him about some popular diseases like HERPES,HIV AIDS,HEPATITES,DIABETIS, CANCERS, WART, HPV etc.. which are affecting most people he said there is no disease without a cure, he has it all...You can as well reach the Dr below for help on your problem, for he has the solution to all...
    Email:[ PRIESTAZIBASOLUTIONCENTER@GMAIL COM ]
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  10. This is very helpful with no side effect...Before I began Doctor Aziba natural penis enlargement Product I measured 4 Inches in erect length, and 3 inches in erect girth. While flaccid I measured 3.4 Inches long. I began using his product, slightly skeptical I admit, and just 2 weeks later I was very happy with my progress. I measured 7.5 inches erect length and 6.5 inches erect girth, and 5.5 inches flaccid length. I was actually quite shocked at the huge gains I’d had, and continued using the product regularly, sticking to the usage schedule rigorously. After about 2-3 weeks I am 8.2 Inches in erect length and 8.1 Inches in erect girth. I am also 7.2 fnches long while flaccid. This has had a huge impact on my life, not only has my sex life improved greatly, I feel much more confident and proud. Dr Aziba Natural Penis Enlargement works! and you can as well reach out to him on any of these cure for ALS, HPV, HSV, HIV, HERPES, Virginal Infection, Heart Burn, Cancer etc... You can Get in Contact with his via Email: (Priestazibasolutioncenter@gmail.com ) or WhatsApp him via contact +2348100368288 His the solution you've been searching !







    This is very helpful with no side effect...Before I began Doctor Aziba natural penis enlargement Product I measured 4 Inches in erect length, and 3 inches in erect girth. While flaccid I measured 3.4 Inches long. I began using his product, slightly skeptical I admit, and just 2 weeks later I was very happy with my progress. I measured 7.5 inches erect length and 6.5 inches erect girth, and 5.5 inches flaccid length. I was actually quite shocked at the huge gains I’d had, and continued using the product regularly, sticking to the usage schedule rigorously. After about 2-3 weeks I am 8.2 Inches in erect length and 8.1 Inches in erect girth. I am also 7.2 fnches long while flaccid. This has had a huge impact on my life, not only has my sex life improved greatly, I feel much more confident and proud. Dr Aziba Natural Penis Enlargement works! and you can as well reach out to him on any of these cure for ALS, HPV, HSV, HIV, HERPES, Virginal Infection, Heart Burn, Cancer etc... You can Get in Contact with his via Email: (Priestazibasolutioncenter@gmail.com ) or WhatsApp him via contact +2348100368288 His the solution you've been searching !

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  11. Hello everyone. Dr. Lucky Herbs is a good remedy for herpes Virus , I was a carrier of herpes virus and I saw a testimony on how Dr. Lucky cure Herpes Virus, I decided to contact him, I contacted him and he guided me. I asked him for solutions and he started the remedies for my health. After he finish he sent me the herbs which i took for 2 weeks before asking me to go for a check up and getting there i could not believe that i was confirm HSV 2 Negative after the test, Today i am so happy because i'm free from herpes disease with the help of Dr. Lucky. Thank God now everything is fine, I'm cured by Dr. Lucky herbal medicine, I'm very thankful to God for making it possible. you can reach him on his email, i strongly recommend him to any one out here looking for a cure.Contact Dr Lucky via email: drluckyherbalcure@gmail.com call or whatsApp him on; +2348154637647

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  12. This comment has been removed by the author.

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  13. I found that taking herbal treatment is the best to get rid of herpes. I have been living with herpes since February last year and it has been a big problem to me. One day I came across a woman testimony on forum saying she get cured of her Herpes with the help of Dr Salami herbal medicine at first I did not believe I was doubting because my doctor told me there is no cure for this disease, so I contact him with the email the lady drop and write to him about my problems, he told me not to worry that am in the right place he told me what to do to get cured so I really did it few month later I went to the doctor and do a test and discover that am totally cured from herpes. Thank you Dr Salami for proving yourself to me. I am grateful. I keep sharing the good news to everyone who is suffering from herpes. There is truly a cure for herpes. You may need his email for assistance on how to treat. Email him at salamihealingherbs@gmail.com You can also call Or whatsAPP his mobile number at +234 814 314 2163. Website:https://drsalamiherbalcent.wixsite.com/doctorsalami for more information and don't forget to share as you read.

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  14. Quick Cure in Eradicating Herpes Simplex Virus by Doctor ELINFOH. I recommend doctor Elinfoh herbal medicine to anyone battling Herpes Infection...I am so happy to be finally cured of herpes simplex virus  by herbalist Elinfoh,Ever since I was diagnosed with the virus on June 24, 2018. I have been using medical drugs to suppress it, I later realized it was causing more damage to my health than the virus,I opted for herbs and got to find out about the great work herbalist Doctor Elinfoh has been doing with his herbal remedy. I contacted him and he promised to help me get rid of it,after 18 days I received a package from the UPS delivery service and it was from the doctor who sent me the herbal treatment in Dallas,Texas USA, And he instructed me on how I was going to take it for the next 3 weeks . After completing the dosage he told me to go for a medical checkup and when I did the doctors conducted some tests on me but they were stunned that my status was now negative,they conducted several tests on me to be sure. I even went to Medical City Dallas Hospital, where they conducted another test and it was still negative. I am so grateful to you herbal doctor Elinfoh , God will continue to prosper you,I pray the world gets to know about you and your herbal exploits. He also cures any other Human diseases.  Reach him on his email drelinfohherbalhome@gmail.com   PLEASE SHARE , SO THE WORLD CAN GET TO KNOW ABOUT HIM.DR ELINFOH HAS THE BEST HERBAL REMEDY FOR HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1&2.

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  15. My husband was diagnosed several years ago with emphysema. He was able to quit smoking and we stayed on top of any illness. He has been hospitalized with pneumonia every year. His breathing has been getting worse but oxygen levels stay in the 97 to 98 range except when he's in hospital. For a year now he has been passing out. It is only for 1 to 3 minutes and was only when he would start coughing. The doctor changed his medications around but he passes out when breathing a bit hard. Also his feet swell up and are numb all the time. He then started using a cane. i searched for alternative treatment before i was introduced to nze njoku herbal home by a friend here in the United states she told me they have successful herbal treatment to Emphysema and other lungs diseases. I spoke to few people who used the treatment here in USA and they all gave a positive response, so i immediately purchased the Emphysema herbal formula for my husband and he commenced usage, its totally unexplainable how all the symptoms totally disappeared, his cough was gone and he no longer experience shortness of breath(dyspnea), contact Nze Njoku Herbal Home via their email
    nzenjokuherbalhome@gmail.com.
    Herbs are truly gift from God

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  16. I know a lot of people reading this Testimony now will be harboring some doubts about the claims. Well, it’s not just like every other claim you find out there. This one is different. I wouldn’t be daring if I am not sure of the result you’ll get when you start using the 18 Days DOCTOR RAZOR Traditional Medicine ”. I wouldn’t take such a risk if I haven’t personally tried the product myself and it did wonders for me. Because I have tried it and it worked as claimed for me so, I think I should extend the guarantee to you Others Suffering from Herpes Virus and Other Diseases/infection. DOCTOR RAZOR Herbal Medicine Has been Working Wonders for a lot of people around the world, You too Can Testify. Contact him on Email : drrazorherbalhome@gmail.com . WhatsApp Him on +2349065420442

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  17. I actually thank you @drmosesbuba , cause at first I doubt you because of what others do to take money from the sick cause I have been a victim , but you make me believe that good people still live .  I was cured of Erectile dysfunction with the use of pure natural roots and herbs from a herbal professional maker called Dr Moses Buba, a man of trust and always reliable to his word. You can reach via email buba.herbalmiraclemedicine@gmail.com or WhatsApp him  +2349060529305 . am grateful to share his work so I am forever grateful  @drmosesbuba 

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