Wednesday, March 8, 2017

New article brings into question how T cell memory should be defined.

We conducted this research to answer a fundamental question in immunology- Where do antigen inexperienced CD4+ T cells reside? 

Currently, it is widely accepted that central and effector memory CD4+ T cells originate from naïve T cells after they have encountered their cognate antigen in the setting of appropriate co-stimulation. However, if this were true the diversity of T cell receptor (TCR) sequences within the naïve T cell compartment should be far greater than that of the memory T cell compartment, which is not supported by TCR sequencing data. In fact the vast majority of T cells with a "memory" phenotype do not appear to have undergone a strong clonal expansion event.

 In our study we demonstrate that aged mice with far fewer naïve T cells, respond to the model antigen, hen eggwhite lysozyme (HEL), by utilizing the same TCR sequence as their younger counterparts. CD4+ T cell repertoire analysis of highly purified T cell populations from HEL-naive animals revealed that the HEL-specific clones, within these mice, displayed effector and central “memory” cell surface phenotypes even though they had never encountered the HEL antigen. Although cross reactivity to some other foreign antigen exposure could have explained these results, the effector and central “memory” HEL-specific T cells that were detected resided at an extremely low frequencies, identical to their frequency within the naive T cell compartment. Thus, any prior cross recognition event was not strong enough to have induced an expansion of the HEL-specific T cells, at least not one that could be detected above the background level that was seen in the naive T cell compartment. In our experiments the HEL-inexperienced CD4+ T cells were found to reside within the naïve, regulatory, central memory, and effector memory T cell populations at similar frequencies.  The vast majority of the other CD4+ T cells within the regulatory and memory populations were also unexpanded.

 These findings support a new paradigm for CD4+ T cell maturation in which a specific clone can undergo a differentiation process to exhibit a “memory” or regulatory phenotype without having undergone a clonal expansion event. They also demonstrate that a foreign-specific T cell is just as likely to reside within the regulatory T cell compartment as it would the naïve compartment, arguing against the specificity of the regulatory T cell compartment being skewed towards self-reactive T cell clones. Finally, we demonstrate that the same set of foreign T cell clones are repetitively generated throughout adulthood.

19 comments:

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      HOW DR AZIBA HELPED ME ENLARGE MY PENIS SIZE FROM 3.5 INCHES TO 11INCHES LONG AND 8.0 GROWTH WhatsAPP DR [ +2348100368288 ]
      I got married 2 years ago and it just seemed that there was no excitement in my sex life. My dysfunction to perform to the best of my abilities in bed made it harder for my wife and me to have a good time during sex. And i was having the feelings that she may decide to get a divorce one day. I knew something had to be done in order to improve my sex life and to save my marriage because my marriage was already falling apart, so when i was on my Facebook page i came across a story of how Dr Aziba helped him enlarged his penis to 8ins better.so i Immediately copied the Email address of the Dr and explained to him my problem, he gave me some simply instruction which i must follow and i did easily and my friends Today, i am the happiest man on Earth, All Thanks to Dr Aziba for saving my marriage and making me a real man today. I asked him about some popular diseases like HERPES,HIV AIDS,HEPATITES,DIABETIS, CANCERS, WART, HPV etc.. which are affecting most people he said there is no disease without a cure, he has it all...You can as well reach the Dr below for help on your problem, for he has the solution to all...
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  5. HERBAL DR EMU WHO PREPARE HERBAL MEDICINE TO CURE ALL KINDS OF DISEASES INCLUDING HERPES DISEASE.   
     I have been battling this Herpes disease for almost 3 years now....I tried all possible means to get cure from my Herpes Disease but all to be in vain until i saw a post in a health forum about a herbal Dr Emu who prepare herbal medicine to cure all kind of diseases including Herpes Disease, at first i doubted if it was real but decided to give it a try...when i contact Dr Emu via his email (emutemple@gmail.com)  write him and reply me explain how the process work so after ordering for the medicine I got it within 3/4 working days through DHL Delivery and I took it according to the way Dr Emu instructed, I was so happy after 2 week I took the medicine there was very big change in my health when I was done with the process I go for test, I found out I am negative...Herpes patients should also get in touch with this herbalist Dr Emu to get rid of these Herpes Virus forever his whatsapp number +2347012841542.

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  6. My name is Brittney Brian,i am from Arizona, Its a pleasure for me to write this testimony about how i got my Genital Herpes cured 2 months ago. i have been reading so many comments of some people who were cured from various diseases by Dr. Festus, I was hurt and depressed so I was too curious and wanted to try Dr. Festus cuz have been burdened by this virus for many , then i contacted him through his email when i contact him, he assured me 100% that he will heal me, i pleaded with him to help me out which he did, he healed me just as he promised, he sent me his medication and ask me to go for check up after 5 weeks of taking the medication. i agreed with him i took this medication and went for check up, to my greatest surprise my result was negative after the treatment, i am really happy that i am cured and healthy again. I have waited for 5 weeks after I first tested negative just to be very sure i was completely healed before writing this testimony I just got back from the hospital today from getting my blood test result and am still negative, so i guess its time i recommend anyone going through Herpes HSV-1 or HSV-2, HIV, HPV, Hepatitis A&B, Diabetes, Cancer reach him through Email drfestusherbalsolutioncentre@gmail.com OR add on whatsapp +2348073742265.

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  7. Is this for real about the genital herpes cure with the herbalist??? I have been suffering from this pain in the ass virus for the past 10 years and I have been constantly hoping, praying and researching for a cure and I have gotten to a point where Ive lost more hope as the years went by without any medical breakthroughs .I was infected when I starting dating a woman I met while on vacation in the summer of 2009 which quickly became my girlfriend and she never told me she had genital herpes..I never found out if she contracted the virus before we met which is what I personally believe happened or did she contract from someone else while we were dating, which at that point it really didn’t matter because it wasn’t going to change the fact that I now had the virus.. I definitely know that it wasn’t me because I didn’t cheat on her and I was also tested and was negative for everything not long before we met, but all I know is that we were intimate for 8 months without any problems until one day in the spring of 2010 while sitting in class I started experiencing severe symptoms out of nowhere..I obviously went directly to my doctor and got tested and within 2 weeks I received the positive results which really affected me in a way I couldn’t even put in words but it was part of the reason I started abusing substances for some time back then. I was even in denial before and after I received the results trying to convince myself that maybe there was a mistake with the testing.her reaction to the entire thing is what made me believe that she knew she had it and just didn’t tell me..regardless We stayed together until 2012 even though I never forgave her and always carried resentment for what she did. since then she moved onto more victims which I despise her for not learning from her actions..I have avoided dating and sexual contact because I just couldn’t do what she did and give someone an incurable virus. So I’m 36 now and I gave up on romance, marriage, and having kids. Honestly I have kept my diagnosis a secret from everyone for the past 10 years except obviously the woman who gave it to me so excuse me that I told you the entire story but this is the first time I mention it to anyone and it’s a relief to get this off my chest.I have tried looking up and signing up for clinical trials hoping that whatever drug was being tested could be the one to cure this virus but it just didn’t work out..so at this point I’m up for trying an alternative method of treatment for this virus that basically ruined my life..please reply to me if there is anything more I may need to know..if your recommendation helps me get my old life back I will be forever indebted to you..thank you and sorry for rambling on..  Dr Joe I contact him through drjoehome@gmail.com and use his natural medicine to get rid of this virus contact his WhatsApp +2348155730398 

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  8. Hello. I want to let you all know that there is a true permanent cure for herpes which is herbal medicine, I recently got cured from my herpes virus, thanks to Dr Ajayi he cured my herpes with his herbal medicine. Are you out there reading my testimony and have been suffering from herpes or other diseases or viruses? You can also contact his email ajayiherbalhome@gmail.com call whatsapp him +2348154724883 or visit his website https://ajayiherbalhome.weebly.com for more information..  

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  9. HOW DR AZIBA HELPED ME ENLARGE MY PENIS SIZE FROM 3.5 INCHES TO 11INCHES LONG AND 8.0 GROWTH WhatsAPP DR [ +2348100368288 ]
    I got married 2 years ago and it just seemed that there was no excitement in my sex life. My dysfunction to perform to the best of my abilities in bed made it harder for my wife and me to have a good time during sex. And i was having the feelings that she may decide to get a divorce one day. I knew something had to be done in order to improve my sex life and to save my marriage because my marriage was already falling apart, so when i was on my Facebook page i came across a story of how Dr Aziba helped him enlarged his penis to 8ins better.so i Immediately copied the Email address of the Dr and explained to him my problem, he gave me some simply instruction which i must follow and i did easily and my friends Today, i am the happiest man on Earth, All Thanks to Dr Aziba for saving my marriage and making me a real man today. I asked him about some popular diseases like HERPES,HIV AIDS,HEPATITES,DIABETIS, CANCERS, WART, HPV etc.. which are affecting most people he said there is no disease without a cure, he has it all...You can as well reach the Dr below for help on your problem, for he has the solution to all...
    Email:[ PRIESTAZIBASOLUTIONCENTER@GMAIL COM ]
    WhatsAPP DR [ +2348100368288 ]








    HOW DR AZIBA HELPED ME ENLARGE MY PENIS SIZE FROM 3.5 INCHES TO 11INCHES LONG AND 8.0 GROWTH WhatsAPP DR [ +2348100368288 ]
    I got married 2 years ago and it just seemed that there was no excitement in my sex life. My dysfunction to perform to the best of my abilities in bed made it harder for my wife and me to have a good time during sex. And i was having the feelings that she may decide to get a divorce one day. I knew something had to be done in order to improve my sex life and to save my marriage because my marriage was already falling apart, so when i was on my Facebook page i came across a story of how Dr Aziba helped him enlarged his penis to 8ins better.so i Immediately copied the Email address of the Dr and explained to him my problem, he gave me some simply instruction which i must follow and i did easily and my friends Today, i am the happiest man on Earth, All Thanks to Dr Aziba for saving my marriage and making me a real man today. I asked him about some popular diseases like HERPES,HIV AIDS,HEPATITES,DIABETIS, CANCERS, WART, HPV etc.. which are affecting most people he said there is no disease without a cure, he has it all...You can as well reach the Dr below for help on your problem, for he has the solution to all...
    Email:[ PRIESTAZIBASOLUTIONCENTER@GMAIL COM ]
    WhatsAPP DR [ +2348100368288 ]

    ReplyDelete
  10. Hello! I'm very excited to inform everyone that I'm completely cured from my HSV 1&2 recently. I have used Oregano oil, Coconut oil, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, and some other products and it's really help during my outbreaks but I totally got cured! from my HSV with a strong and active herbal medicine ordered from a powerful Traditional Healer and it completely fought the virus from my nervous system and I was tested negative after 21 days of using the herbal medicine. I'm here to let you' all know that herpes virus has a complete cure, I got rid of mine with the help of DR ODUDU a traditional Healer from west African and his herbal exploit. Contact him via email: dr.oduduherbalhome@gmail.com and his whatsapp and calling number is  +2348101571054

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  11. Hello everyone. Dr. Lucky Herbs is a good remedy for herpes Virus , I was a carrier of herpes virus and I saw a testimony on how Dr. Lucky cure Herpes Virus, I decided to contact him, I contacted him and he guided me. I asked him for solutions and he started the remedies for my health. After he finish he sent me the herbs which i took for 2 weeks before asking me to go for a check up and getting there i could not believe that i was confirm HSV 2 Negative after the test, Today i am so happy because i'm free from herpes disease with the help of Dr. Lucky. Thank God now everything is fine, I'm cured by Dr. Lucky herbal medicine, I'm very thankful to God for making it possible. you can reach him on his email, i strongly recommend him to any one out here looking for a cure.Contact Dr Lucky via email: drluckyherbalcure@gmail.com call or whatsApp him on; +2348154637647

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  12. Am Lisa by name, i was diagnosed with Herpes for 3years ago i lived in pain with the knowledge that i wasn't going to ever be well again i contacted so many herbal doctors on this issue and wasted a large sum of money but my. condition never got better i was determined to get my life back so one day i saw mr Brown post on how Dr Aba saved him from the VIRUS with herbal medicine i contacted Dr Aba on his email address dr.abaherbalhome@gmail.com we spoke on the issue i told him all that i went through and he told me not to worry that everything will be fine again so he prepared the medicine and send it to me through courier service and told me how to use it,after 14days of usage I went to see the doctor for test ,then the result was negative,am the happiest woman on earth now. this testimony is real.thanks to Dr Aba God bless you. you can also reach him on his whatsApp number +2348107155060   

    ReplyDelete
  13. Am Lisa by name, i was diagnosed with Herpes for 3years ago i lived in pain with the knowledge that i wasn't going to ever be well again i contacted so many herbal doctors on this issue and wasted a large sum of money but my. condition never got better i was determined to get my life back so one day i saw mr Brown post on how Dr Aba saved him from the VIRUS with herbal medicine i contacted Dr Aba on his email address dr.abaherbalhome@gmail.com we spoke on the issue i told him all that i went through and he told me not to worry that everything will be fine again so he prepared the medicine and send it to me through courier service and told me how to use it,after 14days of usage I went to see the doctor for test ,then the result was negative,am the happiest woman on earth now. this testimony is real.thanks to Dr Aba God bless you. you can also reach him on his whatsApp number +2348107155060   

    ReplyDelete
  14. BEST NATURAL WAYS TO CURE HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS HSV1&2 WITH THE HELP OF DR AZA NATURAL HERBAL MEDICINE.Its a miracle that I am alive today. I encounter HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV1/2) for good four (4) years, before I meet the great Dr. Aza. I am  from New Jersey, united state of America and I was affected with herpes virus.Herpes is a viral infection cause by the Herpes simplex virus, marked by painful, watery blister in the skin or mucous membrane or on the genitals. This was what I suffered for good four years. I have visited CVS Pharmacy in Fresno for treatment but no improvement. I meet Dr. Aza online while I was searching for herpes cure I read a testimony about his work. I give a try that now becomes a testimony in my life am now fully cure. kindly contacted Dr Aza  :contact his Email: drazaherbalcenter@gmail.com whatsapp +1(315)7951518 his website; drazaherbalcenter.com

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  15. DR EMU WHO HELP PEOPLE IN ANY TYPE OF LOTTERY NUMBERS
    It is a very hard situation when playing the lottery and never won, or keep winning low fund not up to 100 bucks, i have been a victim of such a tough life, the biggest fund i have ever won was 100 bucks, and i have been playing lottery for almost 12 years now, things suddenly change the moment i came across a secret online, a testimony of a spell caster called dr emu, who help people in any type of lottery numbers, i was not easily convinced, but i decided to give try, now i am a proud lottery winner with the help of dr emu, i won $1,000.0000.00 and i am making this known to every one out there who have been trying all day to win the lottery, believe me this is the only way to win the lottery.

    Dr Emu can also help you fix this issues

    (1)Ex back.
    (2)Herbal cure & Spiritual healing.
    (3)You want to be promoted in your office.
    (4)Pregnancy spell.
    (5)Win a court case.

    Contact him on email Emutemple@gmail.com
    What’s app +2347012841542
    Website Https://emutemple.wordpress.com/
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    ReplyDelete
  16. I know a lot of people reading this Testimony now will be harboring some doubts about the claims. Well, it’s not just like every other claim you find out there. This one is different. I wouldn’t be daring if I am not sure of the result you’ll get when you start using the 18 Days DOCTOR RAZOR Traditional Medicine ”. I wouldn’t take such a risk if I haven’t personally tried the product myself and it did wonders for me. Because I have tried it and it worked as claimed for me so, I think I should extend the guarantee to you Others Suffering from Herpes Virus and Other Diseases/infection. DOCTOR RAZOR Herbal Medicine Has been Working Wonders for a lot of people around the world, You too Can Testify. Contact him on Email : drrazorherbalhome@gmail.com . WhatsApp Him on +2349065420442

    ReplyDelete
  17. I actually thank you @drmosesbuba , cause at first I doubt you because of what others do to take money from the sick cause I have been a victim , but you make me believe that good people still live .  I was cured of Erectile dysfunction with the use of pure natural roots and herbs from a herbal professional maker called Dr Moses Buba, a man of trust and always reliable to his word. You can reach via email buba.herbalmiraclemedicine@gmail.com or WhatsApp him  +2349060529305 . am grateful to share his work so I am forever grateful  @drmosesbuba 

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