Cracking the sugar code: Why the 'glycome' is the next big thing in health and medicine
Emanual Maverakis, University of California, Davis; Carlito Lebrilla, University of California, Davis, and Jenny Wang, Yeshiva UniversityWhen you think of sugar, you probably think of the sweet, white, crystalline table sugar that you use to make cookies or sweeten your coffee. But did you know that within our body, simple sugar molecules can be connected together to create powerful structures that have recently been found to be linked to health problems, including cancer, aging and autoimmune diseases.
These long sugar chains that cover each of our cells are called glycans, and according to the National Academy of Sciences, creating a map of their location and structure will usher us into a new era of modern medicine. This is because the human glycome – the entire collection of sugars within our body – houses yet-to-be-discovered glycans with the potential to aid physicians in diagnosing and treating their patients.
Thanks to the worldwide attention garnered by the 2003 completion of the Human Genome Project, most people have heard about DNA, genomics and even proteomics – the study of proteins. But the study of glycans, also known as glycomics, is about 20 years behind that of other fields. One reason for this lag is that scientists have not developed the tools to rapidly identify glycan structures and their attachment sites on people’s cells. The “sugar coat” has been somewhat of a mystery.
Until now, that is.
While most laboratories focus on cellular or molecular research, our lab is dedicated to developing technology to rapidly characterize glycan structures and their attachment sites. Our ultimate goal is to catalog the hundreds of thousands of sugars and their locations on various cell types, and then to use this information to tailor medical therapies to each individual.
Why do we care about glycans?
In the future, it is likely that analysis of an individual’s glycans will be used to predict our risk for developing diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, cancer or even food allergies. This is because glycome alterations can be specifically tied to particular disease states. Also, biological processes like aging are linked to inflammation in our glycome. It remains to be tested if reversing these changes can help prevent disease, or even slow aging – an intriguing possibility.
Along with DNA, proteins, and fats, glycans are one of the four major macromolecules essential for life. Of these four, glycans are the final arbiters of how our cells behave.
DNA orchestrates what we look like, our capacity to think and behave, and even determines the diseases to which we are most susceptible. Within our DNA are short segments, genes, which often contain instructions for how to synthesize proteins. Proteins in turn are the “workhorses” of the cell, carrying out many of the functions necessary for life.
However, how a protein behaves often depends on what glycans are attached to it. In other words, these sugar molecules can greatly influence how our proteins do their work, and even how our cells will respond to stimuli. For example, if you change a few glycans on the outside of a cell, it might trigger that cell to migrate to a different location in our body.
The main job of glycans is to modify the proteins and fats that sit on the surface of our cells. Together, they create a thick sugar coat around the cell. If we consider the surface of the cell to be soil, then glycans would be the wonderfully diverse plant-life and foliage that sprout up and bring color and identity to the cell. In fact, if you were able to see a cell with your naked eye, it would look very fuzzy. Picture a peach with 10 times more fuzz.
Glycans label our own cells and identify them as ‘self’
The fuzz around a cell is its glycan coat. Being on the outside of our cells, glycans are the first point of contact for most cellular interactions and thus influence how our cells communicate with one another. You can also think of the glycans as a unique cellular “barcode.” Thus, a kidney cell’s fuzz will look different from an immune cell’s fuzz. But there are also similarities. In fact, the immune cells that survey our body searching for pathogens know not to attack our own “self” cells because of common features in the glycan “barcode” which are shared by all cells of our body.
In contrast, bacteria and parasites like malaria have different “sugar coats” that are not seen on human cells. When bacterial sugars are tagged as “foreign,” a person’s immune system targets the bacterium for destruction. However, some harmful bacterial pathogens like group B streptococcus, which commonly cause severe infections in babies, can avoid immune detection by impersonating human cells by carrying similar glycans as a disguise – like the wolf dressed in sheepskin.
Unfortunately some pathogens are also able to use our glycans to help them cause disease. Deadly viruses like HIV and Ebola have evolved to grab hold of specific glycans which they then “lock” onto as they infect our human cells. Therapies that either block these viruses from interacting with our glycans, or that attack virus-specific glycans may be a new avenue to treating these infections.
New research has also shown that glycans play a huge role in the development of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune pancreatitis. This is not surprising since glycans directly influence the function of immune cells.
Normally, our immune cells act as our body’s “defense system,” and identify and destroy foreign invaders like harmful bacteria or viruses. But when the body mistakenly labels our own cells as the enemy and launches an internal attack on itself, autoimmunity is born. Interestingly, in such instances, it is the glycans present on the misbehaving self-attacking antibodies that will dictate the strength of the attack on the body. This abnormal immune response can even be directed against glycans. For example, the immune system can mistake “self” glycans as if they were “foreign” molecules. Our research team recently published an article that introduced the glycan theory of autoimmunity, which explains some of these relationships.
Glycans in our food can trigger immune responses
There have been many studies linking consumption of red meat with diseases like atherosclerosis and diabetes, but they have not been able to show why or how this occurs until recently. One intriguing study suggests that the culprit was a sugar with the unwieldy name, nonhuman sialic N-glycolylneuraminic acid, or Neu5Gc for short. Neu5Gc is found in all mammals except humans, because the early humans that could make Neu5Gc died from an ancient malarial parasite.
However, although we now lack the ability to produce Neu5Gc, our bodies still have the ability to incorporate it into the glycans on our cells if we obtain it by eating red meat. Once it becomes part of our cells’ glycan coat, our cells then have a “foreign” substance – Neu5Gc – surrounding them. This can trigger inflammation throughout the body because our immune system recognize Neu5Gc as “foreign” and attacks it. The chronic inflammation caused by these internal attacks can lead to heart attack, stroke and even cancer.
Our bodies synthesize tens of thousands of unique glycans, often with branching structures formed from simple sugar building blocks. Proteins or fats can also be modified by dozens of unique glycans. These countless combinations make mapping glycans a difficult task because we need a practical and efficient way to analyze hundreds of thousands of glycan patterns.
Our research team has now developed methods to rapidly and robustly monitor the human glycome. By capitalizing on engineering advancements and improvements in sample processing, our technique can monitor thousands of glycans at once, which allows us to characterize the glycans in cells from healthy controls and patients with a variety of different diseases. Our goal is to use this data to develop predictive models to help clinicians diagnose and treat all human diseases. We believe that a new wave of medical advancements will arrive as we unlock the “sugar code.”
Jenny Wang was the co-lead author of this article.
Emanual Maverakis, Associate Professor- Departments of Medical Microbiology & Immunology and Dermatology | Member- Foods For Health Institute | Member- Comprehensive Cancer Center | Director- Autoimmunity | Director- Immune Monitoring Core, University of California, Davis; Carlito Lebrilla, Distinguished Professor of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, and Jenny Wang, Clinical Research Fellow, University of California, Davis | Medical Student, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University
This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.
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ReplyDeleteI want to share a testimony of how Dr.odoma herbal mixture cream saves me from shame and disgrace, my penis was a big problem to me as the size was really so embarrassing,and I was also having a weak erection problem. I can't make love to my wife and my penis was just too small a full grown man like me having 2 inches penis and to worsen it i don't last in sex i cant even last two minutes it was really a thing of shame to me. My wife was really tired of me because my sex life was very poor,she never enjoyed sex,i was always thinking and searching for solutions everywhere until when i saw a testimony of how Dr.odoma herbal mixture cream have been helping people regarding their sex life, so i decided to give him a try and to my greatest surprise in less than one week of taking the herbs my penis grow to 9 inches i couldn't believe my eyes. And as i speak now my penis is now 10 inches and i do not have weak erection again. I can make love to my wife longer in bed. And my marriage is now stable,my wife now enjoys me very well in bed. can contact him by calling or what-apps him through +2348100649947 . or email Drodomasolutionhome20@gmail.com
ReplyDeleteHello! I'm very excited to inform everyone that I'm completely cured from my HSV 1&2 recently. I have used Oregano oil, Coconut oil, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, and some other products and it's really help during my outbreaks but I totally got cured! from my HSV with a strong and active herbal medicine ordered from a powerful Traditional Healer and it completely fought the virus from my nervous system and I was tested negative after 12 days of using the herbal medicine. I'm here to let you' all know that herpes virus has a complete cure, I got rid of mine with the help of DR ODUDU a traditional Healer from west African and his herbal exploit. Contact him via email: dr.oduduherbalhome@gmail.com and his whatsapp and calling number is +2348101571054
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ReplyDeleteGod is Good!I promised God that I would share my testimony on this website. I had all the signs of STD Virus but I was not too sure as to which one. I did a lot of online research and scared myself straight for a whole week before going to see the nurse. She took one look at my genital part and first said that it could just be the anatomy of my body, then she said it looked like genital warts and that I MAY have herpes. I was devastated. She gave me some medicine for the herpes and some cream for the warts. I was also tested for every single STD including herpes. I went home and cried searching the web for all sorts of cures for herpes and awaiting my results. I saw a post whereby Dr. ibhafidon Blessed cured Herpes and other diseases, I copied his contGod acts out and added him on whats app via +2348152228377. The next day my test result was ready and i confirmed Herpes positive. I told Dr ibhafidon Blessed about my health problems and he assured me of cure. He prepared his herbal medicine and sent it to me. I took it for 14 days (2 weeks). Before the completion of the 14 days in which I completed the dose, the Blisters and Warts that were on my body was cleared. I went back for check-up and I was told I'm free from the virus. Dr. ibhafidon Blessed cures all types of diseases and viruses with the help of his herbal medicine. You can reach Dr. ibhafidon Blessed via his email address on ( dribhafidon96@gmail. com ) or call him on +2348152228377 and whats app him on same number for more info mail me directly on.dribhafidon96@gmail. com
ReplyDeleteMy Profound and Utmost Gratitude to Doctor Razor, I am here to Share my testimony about a doctor who helped me remove a burden from my life. I was diagnosed with HSV 2 on july 7, 2017, i didn't bother seeking for medical aide because i know that the Government And medical Scientists Have been lying to us about herpes not Having a complete Cure, so I was thinking of how to get a solution, To make sure i get this Infection out of my body. I went to visiting a friend of mine who happens to be A family friend as well and she asked why i was looking so sad, i explained to her my problem, she told me that she can help me out, she introduced me to a doctor who uses herbal medication to cure HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS and gave me his email I was not Satisfied so i did a research about this herbalist, and i stumbled upon his website : https://herbalistrazorherb.wixsite.com/drrazorherbalhome . I decided to get in contact with him, I Emailed him He told me all the things I needed to do and also gave me instructions on How I was to take the medicine For 18 days, which I followed properly. After completion of the Dosage the herbalist Requested that i go for a medical Test And i was amazed after my Test Result came out Negative. If you are also heart broken and also need help, you can also email him at: drrazorherbalhome@gmail.com . Whatsapp/Call Doctor Razor via +2349065420442
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ReplyDeleteDR AZIBA HERBAL MEDICINE is the natural male support formula designed to take your sexual performance to another level. This is the formula designed to combat against all sexual complications and erectile dysfunction. The supplement promotes healthy production of testosterone hormone in body that increases sexual desires and endurance, while helping you to perform harder and longer on bed. It reduces the fatigue levels and sexual decline caused due to aging and optimizes the sexual drives and arousal levels for peak performance on bed.
ReplyDeleteDR AZIBA HERBS even focuses on increasing your circulation of blood across penile chambers. This increment in the circulation widens the blood vessels for increased holding capacity and this treats the root cause of ED in males. It reduces your fatigue levels and allows you to last longer with intense orgasms and better sexual drives. It also maximizes your sexual climax by allowing you to hold your ejaculation longer when performing on bed. Get in contact with DR AZIBA via Email: Priestazibasolutioncenter@gmail.com And WhatsApp him directly on +2348100368288.
Am very glad to share this testimony with everyone for the marvelous work Dr DADA has done for my life, 6months ago i was diagnosed with herpes virus and ever since then i have been very unhappy, i was so down broken everyday, until one day when i came across a shocking testimony about how Dr DADA cured someone. of his herpes virus, without wasting much time i contacted him immediately on his email address: < drdadaspellhome7@gmail.com and after i explain myself to him about how terrible i have been, and he assure me that he will help me to cure my herpes virus,after he has prepared the herbal medicine, he sent it to me and when i have received it and started using it i was totally cure within 2weeks, i am forever grateful to Dr DADA for helping me out with his herpes prescription that cured my virus. contact his email addreSS (drdadaspellhome7@gmail.com or you can call or whatsApp his Mobile number:2349023126215
ReplyDeleteDefinitely and totally cured of herpes virus by Doctor Razor's Quick cure for Herpes. My Sincere Gratitude to Dr Razor, I was infected with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 2 November 13 2018, I went to many hospitals for cure but there was no solution, I was confused because the medical drugs has become my daily food, but i decided to sort after Natural Herbs. One day I sat beside the pool, Browsing and thinking where I could get a solution to end this predicament. I saw a blog on how Dr Razor cured people with his herbal medicine, i did not believe but i just decided to give him a try, Visit Doctor's Razor Website : https://herbalistrazorherb.wixsite.com/drrazorherbalhome . I contacted him and he prepared the herbs for me which I took, and he instructed me to go for a check up, after the test i was confirmed with herpes negative, i am so happy. If you have any problem or you are also infected with any disease, kindly contact him now with his Email: drrazorherbalhome@gmail.com or Whatsapp/call +2349065420442This testimonial serves as an expression of my gratitude.
ReplyDeleteHe also have a herbal cure for COLD SORE,
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Thanks to God and also to Dr. Kham, the great herbalist that cured me of Herpes Virus 1 years ago. I contacted the virus from my partner unknowingly to me, i almost spent all i had because i was restless , until i saw people testifying about Dr. Kham on herbal cure and also recommendation online for curing Herpes virus with his herb roots made from natural products, and i emailed him without hesitation and he told me how to get the herbal medicine which i did that changed my entire life to wonders and testimonies on how God can us a man that's not known over the whole world to have such a gift to use natural products to cure Herpes Virus and other types of deadly illness Advice: To anyone out there having health problems of any kind should please drop the doubt and contact this natural herbal healer whose contact info is (dr.khamcaregiver@gmail.com) or Call and Whatsapp him on +2348159922297 From a soul that care and also love to share good things to people in need
ReplyDeleteCan't still believe that i got cured from Genital Herpes through herbal treatment from Dr Aba who I met through the internet, I actually couldn't believe it at first because it sounded impossible to me knowing how far I have gone just to get rid of it. Dr Aba send me his medicine which I took as instructed and here I am living a happy life once again, a big thanks to Dr Aba, I am sure there are many herbal doctors out there but Dr Aba did it for me, contact him dr.abaherbalhome@gmail.com , also call or whatsApp him on +2348107155060
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ReplyDeleteQuick Cure in Eradicating Herpes Simplex Virus by Doctor ELINFOH. I recommend doctor Elinfoh herbal medicine to anyone battling Herpes Infection...I am so happy to be finally cured of herpes simplex virus by herbalist Elinfoh,Ever since I was diagnosed with the virus on June 24, 2018. I have been using medical drugs to suppress it, I later realized it was causing more damage to my health than the virus,I opted for herbs and got to find out about the great work herbalist Doctor Elinfoh has been doing with his herbal remedy. I contacted him and he promised to help me get rid of it,after 18 days I received a package from the UPS delivery service and it was from the doctor who sent me the herbal treatment in Dallas,Texas USA, And he instructed me on how I was going to take it for the next 3 weeks . After completing the dosage he told me to go for a medical checkup and when I did the doctors conducted some tests on me but they were stunned that my status was now negative,they conducted several tests on me to be sure. I even went to Medical City Dallas Hospital, where they conducted another test and it was still negative. I am so grateful to you herbal doctor Elinfoh , God will continue to prosper you,I pray the world gets to know about you and your herbal exploits. He also cures any other Human diseases. Reach him on his email drelinfohherbalhome@gmail.com PLEASE SHARE , SO THE WORLD CAN GET TO KNOW ABOUT HIM.DR ELINFOH HAS THE BEST HERBAL REMEDY FOR HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1&2.
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ReplyDeleteBEST NATURAL WAYS TO CURE HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS HSV1&2 WITH THE HELP OF DR AZA NATURAL HERBAL MEDICINE.Its a miracle that I am alive today. I encounter HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV1/2) for good four (4) years, before I meet the great Dr. Aza. I am from New Jersey, united state of America and I was affected with herpes virus.Herpes is a viral infection cause by the Herpes simplex virus, marked by painful, watery blister in the skin or mucous membrane or on the genitals. This was what I suffered for good four years. I have visited CVS Pharmacy in Fresno for treatment but no improvement. I meet Dr. Aza online while I was searching for herpes cure I read a testimony about his work. I give a try that now becomes a testimony in my life am now fully cure. kindly contacted Dr Aza :contact his Email: drazaherbalcenter@gmail.com whatsapp +1(315)7951518 his website; drazaherbalcenter.com
ReplyDeleteI really happy that i and my boyfriend are cured of (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) with the herbal medicine of Dr Aba , i have been suffering from this disease for the past 3 years without solution until i came across the email of this doctors who have cure so many people with his herbal medicine, i also choose to give him a chance to help me and my boyfriend, he told me what to do and i kindly did it, and he gave us his herbal medicine and direct me on how to use it, i also follows his instruction for use and he ask us to go for a check up after 2 weeks and which i did, to my greatest surprise our result came out as negative, we are really happy that there is someone like this DR who is ready to help anytime any day. to all the readers and viewers that is doubting this testimony stop doubting it and contact this Dr and see if he will not actually help you. i am not a stupid woman that i will come out to the public and start saying what someone have not done for me. he is really a great man contact him now. with this email: dr.abaherbalhome@gmail.com you can call or WhatsApp his mobile number on .+2348107155060
ReplyDeleteI was diagnosed as HEPATITIS B carrier in 2013 with fibrosis of the
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ReplyDeleteI know a lot of people reading this Testimony now will be harboring some doubts about the claims. Well, it’s not just like every other claim you find out there. This one is different. I wouldn’t be daring if I am not sure of the result you’ll get when you start using the 18 Days DOCTOR RAZOR Traditional Medicine ”. I wouldn’t take such a risk if I haven’t personally tried the product myself and it did wonders for me. Because I have tried it and it worked as claimed for me so, I think I should extend the guarantee to you Others Suffering from Herpes Virus and Other Diseases/infection. DOCTOR RAZOR Herbal Medicine Has been Working Wonders for a lot of people around the world, You too Can Testify. Contact him on Email : drrazorherbalhome@gmail.com . WhatsApp Him on +2349065420442
ReplyDeleteLife is always beautiful when you have good health. I have been suffering from Herpes and I was looking for help in every ways and luckily I was directed to a very kind and Great DR HARRY HERBS, who helped me cure my Herpes and today I am free from Herpes and very healthy thank you so much DR HARRY HERBS. kindly reach him and he's helpful.
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Oral herpes is a bothering virus, but overcoming is possible,I was diagnosed with genital herpes type 1 (hsv1),i contacted Dr voodoo his Email voodoospelltemple66@gmail.com for treatment where i heard and read about Dr. voodoo on a forum. After Three weeks of herbal medication i went for test and i was tested negative from Herpes thank you Doctor,Here is Dr voodoo WhatsApp's number +2348140120719
ReplyDelete